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Based On Children: To measure preadolescents' views of family control of behavior, Hawkes and his associates (67, 1957) have constructed two forms of a questionnaire type of scale, one consisting of items based on children's typical responses and the other based on competent judges' ranking of the responses from the most healthful to the least healthful means of controlling children's behavior. According to these scales, groups of rural and small town children in the fifth grade seemed to perceive control of their behavior as not unduly restrictive; they were reasonably satisfied with their home conditions and relationships.
The most frequent kind of social insurance program of direct interest to children, utilized in other industrialized countries, is a family allowance system. This system is not available in the United States. Originally adopted in France, this kind of provision has since spread to more than 60 countries. It was based on the idea that "the existence of dependent children should not give rise to undue inequities in family levels of living." The family allowance idea is predicated on the principle that family needs are based on the size of a man's family, and these needs may require more funds than the family income can provide.
Gradually it was realised that traditional learning theories, based upon principles of stimulus and response, could not account for all aspects of children's learning and educators turned to the ideas of Piaget (1971) and Susan Isaacs to help them understand how children learn.
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