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Levels On Children: Changing transport patterns is another factor that seems to negatively effect children's levels of physical activity. Between 1975 and 1991, there was a doubling of the proportion of children taking car journeys to school (Central Statistical Office 1994). This relates, to some extent, to parents' increased fears regarding children's safety.
There seems to have been a general reduction in children's levels of activity during recent decades. One study compiled and compared data on eating habits over 50 years and found that despite there being no change in body mass, there was a significant decrease in food intake (Durnin 1992); the only conceivable explanation for this phenomenon would seem to be a reduction in energy expenditure, in other words, activity. Other studies have used different procedures to arrive at a similar point. Sleap and Warburton (1992; 1994) have carried out a number of studies of primary children's activity levels, and found that many children experience no health-related exercise during their day; in one case, only 14 per cent of the sample had any sustained period of moderate to vigorous activity for at least twenty minutes (Sleap and Warburton 1992).
We run the risk of stamping levels on children at the very beginnings of their school careers which will stay with them for life. We have known for a long time that children respond to teachers' expectations of what they can achieve (Rosenthal and Jacobson 1968 in Delamont 1976 (pp. 55-6)).
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