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Milk Gallon: Liquid Measures.—The fundamental unit of liquid measures in the United States is the wine gallon of 231 cubic inches—derived from a unit abandoned by Great Britain in 1824. The British imperial gallon is the volume of 10 pounds of water at 62 ° F. and measures 277.42 cubic inches. The liquid measures of the United States unfortunately bear no relation today to those of Great Britain. As late as the first part of the 20th century there was confusion caused by the use in the United States of gallons other than the gallon of 231 cubic inches. The ale, beer, or milk gallon, as it was variously termed (282 cubic inches), was most often encountered. But annual conferences on weights and measures, beginning in 1905, have done much to unify the laws on weights and measures in the several states, including the elimination of the ale, beer, or milk gallon.
The dairy industry in the U.S. was alarmed over the threat that the "filled" and "imitation" milks posed to the fluid, fresh milk market. These new products made significant inroads in the milk market in 1967 and in some states, such as Arizona, took over as much as 5% of the fluid milk sales. Filled milk was made from skim milk or skim milk solids reconstituted with vegetable fat rather than milk fat. The imitation milks on the U.S. market had sodium caseinate as a base, together with vegetable fat and a particular flavoring agent. The ingredient costs permitted these products to be retailed at eight to ten cents per gallon cheaper than fresh milk.
The subdivisions of the gallon used mostly in trade are the quart, pint, and gill. The ordinary liquid measures are usually 1 gallon = 4 quarts = 8 pints == 32 gills. The proof gallon is a wine gallon of spirits containing one half its volume of nearly pure alcohol at 60° F., and is the basis for computing the United States internal revenue tax. For example, a gallon of spirits containing 40 percent alcohol would be 80 percent proof, and the number of proof gallons is computed by multiplying the percent of proof by the number of wine gallons.
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